Palabras clave
toxicología
envenenamiento
bulbo
raíz
rizoma
tubérculo
geófitos
España
región mediterránea
Cómo citar
Resumen
En salud ambiental, la incidencia del consumo de plantas venenosas como factor de riesgo es un hecho bien establecido. La principal dificultad para afrontar esta casuística toxicológica deriva de la enorme diversidad vegetal, que requiere de una sistematización previa que facilite al personal técnico y sanitario su diagnosis. En el ámbito de Andalucía occidental, percibimos la carencia de una herramienta específicamente adaptada a la identificación de plantas silvestres potencialmente causantes de intoxicación, especialmente cuando sus partes tóxicas son subterráneas. En este trabajo hemos llevado a cabo una revisión de hierbas silvestres comunes, con órganos subterráneos especializados en la acumulación de reservas (bulbos, tubérculos, rizomas) de alta potencialidad toxicológica. Hemos seleccionado como fuentes de intoxicación más notables a veintiún especies: Urginea maritima, Narcissus jonquilla, N. assoanus, N. fernandesii, N. bujei, N. tazetta, N. papyraceus, Ornithogalum arabicum, Mandragora autumnalis, Carlina gummifera, Colchicum lusitanum, Merendera montana, M. filifolia, Aristolochia baetica, A. paucinervis, Ranunculus bulbosus, R. ficaria, Bryonia dioica, Oenanthe crocata, Conium maculatum y Arum italicum. Hemos diseñado una pauta de actuación en clave de cuestionario dicotómico que faculte al personal sanitario y técnico para determinar si alguna de estas plantas puede considerarse origen de un cuadro de intoxicación dado. El propósito último es facilitar las labores de triaje y diagnóstico en medicina asistencial y en los servicios de información toxicológica, depurar la sistematización de la casuística toxicológica de cara a futuras investigaciones en salud ambiental y orientar una estrategia educativa en el marco de la prevención de este tipo de riesgos ambientales.
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