Keywords
educational facility
SARS-CoV-2
airborne transmission
ventilation
How to Cite
Abstract
An analysis was conducted based on a model of CO2 mass balance inside a classroom of a certain volume (Vclassroom). The model considered the parameters of CO2 production rate per person and indoor air renewal capacity (air changes per hour, or ACH), an equation being obtained that can be used to estimate the number of students that can use (at the same time) a classroom of a defined size (Vclassroom) without the maximum allowable CO2 concentration level being reached, which would minimize the risk of airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
References
Gaojing Q, Junwen C, Guoxin H, Meiling Z, Hui Y, Haoming Z, Lei C, Dengru W, Bin P. A quantitative exploration of symptoms in COVID-19 patients: an observational cohort study. International Journal of Medical Sciences.2021;18(4); 1082-1095.
Mohitosh B, Shawonur R, Tapash K, Biswasb ZH, Baharudin I. Intervirology. 2021;(64):36–47.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Science Brief: SARS-CoV-2 and Surface (Fomite) Transmission for Indoor Community Environments, [Internet].Consultado novienbre,2021.
Lipinski T, Ahmad D, Serey N, Jouhara H. Review of ventilation strategies to reduce the risk of disease transmission in high occupancy buildings. Int J Thermofluids [Internet]. 2020;7–8:100045.
Hevia, F. (2021). La emergencia educativa: recuento de daños de los efectos negativos de la pandemia por Covid-19 en la educación y algunas recomendaciones. Ichan Tecolotl, año 33, edición 355, diciembre 2021. URL: https://ichan.ciesas.edu.mx/la-emergencia-educativa-recuento-de-danos-de-los-efectos-negativos-de-la-pandemia-por-covid-19-en-la-educacion-y-algunas-recomendaciones/, consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2021.
Guterres, A (2020). Construir hoy el futuro de la educación. URL: https://www.un.org/es/coronavirus/articles/future-education-here, consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2021.
Jayaweera M, Perera H, Gunawardana B, Manatunge J. Transmission of COVID-19 virus by droplets and aerosols: A critical review on the unresolved dichotomy. Environ Res [Internet]. 2020;188:109819.
Park S, Choi Y, Song D, Kim EK. Natural ventilation strategy and related issues to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) airborne transmission in a school building. Sci Total Environ. 2021 Oct 1;789.
Gomathi M, Padmapriya S, Balachandar V. Drug Studies on Rett Syndrome: From Bench to Bedside. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(8):2740–64.
Senoaji ZUI. Faktor-Faktor Kesehatan Penyebab COVID-19. J Kesehat Lingkung dan Obat. 2020;25(1):1–16.
Redrow J, Mao S, Celik I, Posada JA, Feng Z gang. Modeling the evaporation and dispersion of airborne sputum droplets expelled from a human cough. Build Environ [Internet]. 2011;46(10):2042–51.
Vargas Marcos, F., Ruiz de Adana, M., Marín Rodríguez, I., & Moreno Grau, S. (2020) Transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 por gotas respiratorias, objetos contaminados y aerosoles (vía aérea). Revisión de evidencias [Internet]. Sociedad Española de Sanidad Ambiental y Asociación Española de Aerobiología
Ding E, Zhang D, Bluyssen PM. Ventilation strategies of school classrooms against cross-infection of COVID-19: A review. Heal Build Eur 2021 Online Conf. 2021.
Pavilonis B, Ierardi AM, Levine L, Mirer F, Kelvin EA. Estimating aerosol transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City public schools during reopening. Environ Res [Internet]. 2021;195(January):110805.
Morawska L, Tang JW, Bahnfleth W, Bluyssen PM, Boerstra A, Buonanno G, et al. How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised? Environ Int. 2020;142.
Montazami A. BB 101: Guidelines on ventilation, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality in schools. 2018
Zivelonghi A, Lai M. Mitigating aerosol infection risk in school buildings: the role of natural ventilation, volume, occupancy and CO2 monitoring. Build Environ [Internet]. 2021;204(May):108139.
Rudnick SN, Milton DK. Risk of indoor airborne infection transmission estimated from carbon dioxide concentration. Indoor Air. 2003;13(3):237–45.
Peng Z, Jimenez JL. Exhaled CO2as a COVID-19 infection risk proxy for different indoor environments and activities. Environ Sci Technol Lett. 2021;8(5):392–7.
Di Gilio A, Palmisani J, Pulimeno M, Cerino F, Cacace M, Miani A, et al. CO2 concentration monitoring inside educational buildings as a strategic tool to reduce the risk of Sars-CoV-2 airborne transmission. Environ Res [Internet]. 2021;202(July):111560.
Di Gilio A, Farella G, Marzocca A, Giua R, Assennato G, Tutino M, et al. Indoor/outdoor air quality assessment at school near the steel plant in Taranto (Italy). Adv Meteorol. 2017;2017.
González-Sánchez y Rodríguez-Álvarez. La ventilación en espacios cerrados, COVID, durante la pandemia por COVID (2021).
Clean Ice. Hielo seco. 1845;1–5. Available from: [Internet]. http://www.cleanice.cl/pagina_hielo_seco.html.
IIUNAM. Evaluación de la ventilación en la Sala Nezahualcóyotl. Youtube.2021. [citado 18 nov 2021]. Recuperado a partir de: URL: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-q6zOORmAJsuzr1YUt6vcQ-
Penman JM. An experimental determination of ventilation rate in occupied rooms using atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Build Environ. 1980;15(1):45–7.}
Batterman S. Review and extension of CO2-based methods to determine ventilation rates with application to school classrooms. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(2):1–22.
REHVA, Federation of European Heating V and ACA. REHVA Covid19 HVAC Guidance.
Shaughnessy RJ, Haverinen-Shaughnessy U, Nevalainen A, Moschandreas D. A preliminary study on the association between ventilation rates in classrooms and student performance. Indoor Air. 2006;16(6):465–8.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Spanish Journal of Environmental Health