Palavras-chave
"ómicas"
genómica
proteómica
metabolómica
Como Citar
Resumo
As mortes causadas pela poluição ambiental sãoum problema de saúde pública crescente. A maioria das mortes prematuras causadas por contaminação sãodoençasnãotransmissíveis, como doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica, diabetes tipo 2, doenças cardiovasculares e cancro. Estas são consideradas doenças complexas pela sua multicausalidade e pelos vários mecanismos envolvidos no seu aparecimento e evolução. O conhecimento do mecanismo de produção da doença e a identificação de biomarcadores associados à doençaestá a avançar graçasao desenvolvimento da tecnologia e, especificamente, à tecnologia aplicada à medição e interpretação de componentes moleculares: as tecnologias “ÓMICAS”. Estas permitiram identificar as causas celulares de algumasdoenças complexas: variantes genéticas de suscetibilidade ouproteção a agentes contaminantes (Genómica), bem como alterações no DNA (Epigenética) e os seusefeitos no processo de transcrição de genes específicos de reparação, metabolismo ou RNAnão-codificanteassociado a doenças (Transcriptómica);acresce a Proteómica e a Metabolómica que fornecem informação sobre as proteínas e metabólitosenvolvidos nos processos de doença. Paralelamente ao desenvolvimento das novas técnicas biotecnológicas, geralmente denominadas por “Ómicas”, evoluiu a bioinformática, o que permitiu a interpretação dos resultados das análises de centenas de moléculas para organizá-las em redes que traduzem as relações entre elas. As tecnologias “Ómicas” aplicam-se principalmente para determinar modelos de risco de doença com base em estudos populacionais, mas igualmente a informação do genoma, do transcriptoma, do epigenoma, do microbioma, do proteoma e do metaboloma será usada para ajudar a decifrar a doença, a fim de facilitar o prognóstico e orientar o tratamento dos pacientes, auxiliado a medicina individualizada e a medicina de precisão. No entanto, a sua aplicação clínica ainda é limitada pelo custo e implicações técnicas, regulamentares e éticas.Referências
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